Table 1 Studies reporting hepatitis B and C in Nepal

1

Patients attending hospitals in Kathmandu during infectious hepatitis outbreak, January 1973 to October 1973

53 sera samples

–

0 (0.00)

–

–

–

–

Hillis A et al. [6]

2

Hospitalized patients with jaundice referred to Shree Tribhubn Chandra Military Hospital, Kathmandu and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, 1981 to 1982

41 patients

–

6 (7.50)

–

–

–

–

Kane MA et al. [28]

Outpatients referred to Shree Tribhubn Chandra Military Hospital, Kathmandu and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, 1981 to 1982

39 patients

–

–

–

–

–

3

Children age 0–10 years, Surkhet Valley

45 children^a

–

(6.6)

–

(22.2)

–

–

Shreshta SM. [72]

Children, teenagers and adults age 11–20 years, Surkhet Valley

65 children, teenager and adults^a

–

(3.0)

–

(46.6)

–

–

Adults age 21–40 years, Surkhet Valley

82 adults^a

–

(9.7)

–

(44.0)

–

–

Adults 41+ years, Surkhet Valley

33 adults^a

–

(6.0)

–

(25.0)

–

–

Girls and women, 0–41+ years, Surkhet Valley

–

–

(9.8)

–

–

–

Boys and men, 0–41+ years, Surkhet Valley

–

–

(4.4)

–

–

–

–

General population age 0–41+, Surkhet Valley

225 people^a

–

(6.6)

–

(35.0)

–

–

4

Tibetan children age 0–9 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

34 children

–

(20.0)

(32.0)^a

–

–

–

Shrestha SM. [30]

Tibetan children, teenagers and adults age 10–19 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

79 children, teenagers and adults

–

(10.0)

(39.0)^a

–

–

–

Tibetan adults age 20–29 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

106 adults

–

(18.0)

(55.0)^a

–

–

–

Tibetan adults age 30–39 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

61 adults

–

(20.0)

(46.0)^a

–

–

–

Tibetans age 40–49 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

95 adults

–

(15.0)

(36.0)^a

–

–

–

Tibetans age 0–49 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

375 people

–

(16.0)

(45.0)^a

–

–

–

Nepalese children age 0–9 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

113 children

–

(0.0)

(3.5)^a

–

–

–

Nepalese children, teenagers and adults age 10–19 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

198 children, teenagers and adults

–

(0.5)

(5.0)^a

–

–

–

Nepalese adults age 20–29 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

110 adults

–

(1.8)

(5.4)^a

–

–

–

Nepalese adults age 30–39 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

49 adults

–

(0.0)

(32.6)^a

–

–

–

Nepalese adults age 40–49 years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

25 adults

–

(0.0)

(16.0)^a

–

–

–

Nepalese adults age 50+ years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

45 adults

–

(2.2)

(7.8)^a

–

–

–

Nepalese age 11–41+ years, Hemza, Tashi Ling, Pokhara; Jawalkhel, Kathmandu Valley

540 people

–

(0.7)

(36.0)^a

–

5

Patients during 1983 enterically transmitted non A–non B hepatitis outbreak, Kathmandu Valley

150 patients

–

–

–

Nuti M [10]

Controls during 1983 non A–non B hepatitis outbreak, Kathmandu Valley

100 people

–

–

–

6

Lactating women from six villages of Kathmandu Valley

26 women

–

0 (0.00)

4 (15.38)

8 (30.77)

–

–

Reynolds RD et al. [73]

Breastfed infants age 2–6 months from six villages of Kathmandu Valley

26 infants

–

–

–

–

7

Patients age 20–40 years attending four Kathmandu hospitals, Kathmandu, 1985

460 sera samples

0 (0.00)

5 (1.09)

64 (13.91)

–

–

–

Mertens T et al. [74]

8

Children age 0–5 years

57 healthy children

–

0 (0.00)

–

5 (8.77)

–

–

Shrestha SM [75]

Children and teenagers age 6–15 years

359 healthy children ad teenagers

–

8 (2.23)

–

15 (4.18)

–

–

Teenagers and adults age 16–41 years

1788 healthy teenagers and adults

–

16 (0.89)

–

158 (8.84)

–

–

Adults, 41+ years

351 healthy adults

–

2 (0.57)

–

35 (9.97)

–

–

Girls and women, 0–41+ years

1529 healthy women

–

9 (0.59)

–

76 (7.40)

–

–

Boys and men, 0–41+ years

1026 healthy men

–

17 (1.65)

–

138 (9.02)

–

–

General population, 0–41+ years

2555 healthy individuals

–

26 (1.02)

23 (0.90)

214 (8.4)

–

–

9

Spouses of HBsAg chronic carriers

34 people

–

6 (17.65)

–

15 (44.12)

–

–

Shrestha SM et al. [29]

Offspring of HBsAg chronic carriers

73 people

–

15 (20.55)

–

17 (23.29)

–

–

Siblings of HBsAg chronic carriers

29 people

–

9 (31.03)

–

11 (37.93)

–

–

10

Children age 0–4 years, Gurkha Contingent, Singapore

177 children

–

64 (19.28)

161 (17.05)

213 (22.56)

–

–

Goh et al. [32]

Children age 5–14 years, Gurkha Contingent, Singapore

155 children

–

–

–

Children and adults age 15–24 years, Gurkha Contingent, Singapore

227 children and adults

–

–

–

–

Adults age 25–34 years, Gurkha Contingent, Singapore

289 people

–

–

–

–

Adults 35+ years, Gurkha Contingent, Singapore

96 people

–

–

–

–

Gurkha Community members, Gurkha Contingent, Singapore

944 people

–

26 (2.75)

–

–

11

Patients with chronic hepatitis attending Bir Hospital, Kathmandu

20 patients

–

12 (60.00)

–

–

5 (25.00)

–

Shreshta SM et al. [26]

Patients with cirrhosis attending Bir Hospital, Kathmandu

63 patients

–

25 (39.68)

–

–

9 (14.28)

–

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma attending Bir Hospital, Kathmandu

62 patients

–

20 (29.41)

–

–

6 (9.68)

–

Patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma attending Bir Hospital, Kathmandu

145 patients

–

57 (39.31)

–

–

20 (13.79)

–

Pregnant women attending Bir Hospital, Kathmandu

83 women

–

0 (0.00)

–

–

3 (3.61)

–

Medical or paramedical personnel serving at Bir Hospital, Kathmandu

296 people

–

5 (1.69)

–

–

10 (3.38)

–

12

Female sex workers, Kathmandu Valley

341 women

3 (0.88)

–

Syphilis: 73 (21.41)

Bhatta P et al. [76]

13

Villagers, Dharan, Sunsari; Pancha Kanya Village Development Committee, Ilam; Dhankuta Hile, Dhankuta; Basantapur Village Development Committee, Tehrathm

303 serum samples

–

0 (0.00)

–

6 (1.98)

–

–

Rai SK et al. [77]

14

Villagers, Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, 1987

676 blood samples

–

2 (0.29)

52 (7.69)

–

1 (0.15)

–

Nakashima K et al. [78]

15

People who inject drugs

72 people

–

4 (5.55)

59 (81.94)

–

58 (80.55)

–

Shrestha SM et al. [25]

16

People who use drugs

72 people

–

2 (2.78)

43 (59,72)

–

Shrestha SM et al. [16]

People with chronic kidney disease

41 people

–

1 (2.44)

1 (2.44)

–

People with chronic liver disease

145 people

–

57 (39.31)

12 (8.27)

–

HBsAg carriers

49 people

–

49 (100.00)

0 (0.00)

–

Healthy individuals undergoing routine check-ups

181 people

–

9 (4.97)

0 (0.00)

–

17

Patients age ≤ 15 years attending Amp Pipal Hospital, Gorkha district, 1993

101 children and adults

–

–

0/9 (0.00)

1/9 (11.11)

0/9 (0.00)

–

De Bruyn et al. [44]

Patients age 16–25 years attending Amp Pipal Hospital, Gorkha district, 1993

–

–

0/34 (0.00)

0/34 (0.00)

4/34 (11.76)

–

Patients age 26–35 years attending Amp Pipal Hospital, Gorkha district, 1993

–

–

1/20 (5.00)

0/21 (0.00)

0/21 (0.00)

–

Patients age 36–45 years attending Amp Pipal Hospital, Gorkha district, 1993

–

–

2/14 (14.28)

2/13 (15.38)

0/13 (0.00)

–

Patients age 46–55 years attending Amp Pipal Hospital, Gorkha district, 1993

–

–

1/8 (12.50)

1/8 (12.50)

0/8 (0.00)

–

Patients age ≥ 56 years attending Amp Pipal Hospital, Gorkha district, 1993

–

–

3/10 (30.00)

4/10 (40.00)

0/10 (0.00)

–

18

Male villagers age ≤ 24 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

44 boys and men

–

0 (0.00)

1 (2.27)

–

1 (2.27)

–

Sawayama Y et al. [40]

Female villagers age ≤ 24 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

43 girls and women

–

1 (2.32)

1 (2.32)

–

0 (0.00)

–

Villagers age ≤ 24 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

87 people

–

1 (1.15)

2 (2.30)

–

1 (1.15)

–

Male villagers 25–34 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

40 men

–

0 (0.00)

2 (5.00)

–

2 (5.00)

–

Female villagers 25–34 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

37 women

–

1 (2.70)

2 (5.40)

–

0 (0.00)

–

Villagers 25–34 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

77 people

–

1 (1.30)

4 (5.19)

–

2 (2.60)

–

Male villagers 35–44 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

49 men

–

0 (0.00)

1 (2.04)

–

1 (2.04)

–

Female villagers 35–44 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

41 women

–

0 (0.00)

1 (2.44)

–

0 (0.00)

–

Villagers 35–44 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

90 people

–

0 (0.00)

2 (2.22)

–

1 (1.11)

–

Male villagers 45–54 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

29 men

–

0 (0.00)

1 (3.45)

–

2 (6.90)

–

Female villagers 45–54 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

44 women

–

0 (0.00)

2 (4.54)

–

1 (2.27)

–

Villagers 45–54 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

73 people

–

0 (0.00)

3 (4.11)

–

3 (4.11)

–

Male villagers 55–64 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

29 men

–

1 (3.45)

5 (17.24)

–

0 (0.00)

–

Female villagers 55–64 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

39 women

–

2 (5.13)

6 (15.38)

–

1 (2.56)

–

Villagers 55–64 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

68 people

–

3 (4.41)

11 (16.18)

–

1 (1.47)

–

Male villagers ≥65 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

38 men

–

0 (0.00)

7 (18.42)

–

0 (0.00)

–

Female villagers ≥65 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

25 women

–

0 (0.00)

4 (16.00)

–

0 (0.00)

–

Villagers ≥65 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

63 people

–

0 (0.00)

11 (17.46)

–

0 (0.00)

–

Female villagers age 15–90 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

229 women

–

4 (1.75)

16 (6.97)

–

2 (0.87)

–

Male villagers age 15–90 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

229 men

–

1 (0.44)

17 (7.42)

–

6 (2.62)

–

Villagers age 15–90 years from Bhadrakali and Kotyang villages, August 1996 to September 1996

458 people

–

5 (1.09)

33 (7.20)

–

8 (1.75)

–

19

Healthy Nepalese Men from Eastern development region, October 1996 to March 1997

100 men

–

2 (2.00)

–

–

–

–

Manandhar K et al. [79, 80]

Healthy Nepalese Men from Central development region, October 1996 to March 1997

100 men

–

3 (3.00)

–

–

–

–

Healthy Nepalese Men from Western development region, October 1996 to March 1997

100 men

–

4 (4.00)

–

–

–

–

Healthy Nepalese Men from Mid Western development region, October 1996 to March 1997

97 men

–

4 (4.12)

–

–

–

–

Healthy Nepalese Men from Far Western development region, October 1996 to March 1997

81 men

–

5 (6.17)

–

–

–

–

Healthy Nepalese Men from five different development regions, October 1996 to March 1997

478 men

–

18 (3.76)

–

–

–

17 < 40 yrs. old -

20

Nepalese men age 16–50 years who required medical check-ups for employment abroad, July 1999 to September 1999

2585 men

–

24 (0.93)

–

–

–

–

Bidya S [81]

21

Boys and men < 19 years, Baba Medical Center, Kathmandu, September 2003 to June 2004

52 boys and men

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

–

–

–

–

Joshi SK et al. [34]

Men age 20–29 years, Baba Medical Center, Kathmandu, September 2003 to June 2004

375 men

5 (1.33)

9 (2.40)

–

–

–

Syphilis: 4/545

Men age 30–39 years, Baba Medical Center, Kathmandu, September 2003 to June 2004

170 men

5 (2.94)

7 (4.11)

–

–

–

Men age 40+ years, Baba Medical Center, Kathmandu, September 2003 to June 2004

30 men

–

1 (3.33)

–

–

–

–

22

People who inject drugs, Siddhi Polyclinic, Dillibazaar, Kathmandu

400 people

–

–

–

–

342 (85.5)

–

Shrestha IL [38]

Adults without history of injection drug use, Siddhi Polyclinic, Dillibazaar, Kathmandu

400 people

–

–

–

–

3 (0.75)

–

23

Candidates for blood donation at Blood Bank Centre, NRCS, Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, February 2001 to April 2003

1548 samples

2 (0.13)

7 (0.45)

–

–

2 (0.13)

–

Chander A et al. [18]

24

Sherpa people age 15–66 years, Lukla, Solukhumbu district, 2004

103 people

–

2 (1.94)

25 (24.27)

23 (22.33)

–

–

Chiba H et al. [82]

25

Bhutanese refugees, Beldangi 2 Extension Camp, March 1998 to July 1998

467 people

–

4 (0.86)

–

–

–

–

Shah BK et al. [83]

26

Healthcare workers of Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, December 2001 to February 2002

145 people

–

2 (1.38)

21 (14.48)

–

–

–

Shrestha SK et al. [68]

27

Male villagers, migrant-returnes from India and non-migrants, from five village development committees, Doti District, April 2001

149 people

1 (0.67)

16 (10.74)

–

–

–

–

Poudel K et al. [31]

28

Patients with liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma attending Liver Foundation Nepal clinic, January 1998 to January 2004

121 patients

–

48 (39.67)

85 (70.25)

–

15 (12.40)

–

Shrestha SM et al. [27]

Patients with liver cirrhosis attending Liver Foundation Nepal clinic, January 1998 to January 2004

70 patients

–

20 (28.57)

47 (67.14)

–

6 (8.57)

–

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma attending Liver Foundation Nepal clinic, January 1998 to January 2004

51 patients

–

28 (54.90)

38 (74.51)

–

9 (17.65)

–

29

Symptomatic people living with HIV/AIDS at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, March 2004 to September 2005

54 patients

PLWH

1 (1.85)

–

Dhungel BA et al. [11]

30

Candidates for blood donation, NRSC, CBTS, hospital units/mobile camps all over Nepal, 2001 to 2002

72,459 blood samples

–

627 (0.86)

–

–

384 (0.52)

–

Karki S et al. [19]

Candidates for blood donation, NRSC, CBTS, hospital units/mobile camps all over Nepal, 2002 to 2003

73,758 blood samples

–

911 (1.23)

–

–

417 (0.56)

–

Candidates for blood donation, NRSC, CBTS, hospital units/mobile camps all over Nepal, 2003 to 2004

76,647 blood samples

–

663 (0.86)

–

–

321 (0.41)

–

Candidates for blood donation, NRSC, CBTS, hospital units/mobile camps all over Nepal, 2004 to 2005

82,677 blood samples

–

644 (0.77)

–

–

373 (0.45)

–

Candidates for blood donation, NRSC, CBTS, hospital units/mobile camps all over Nepal, 2005 to 2006

103,067 blood samples

–

887 (0.86)

–

–

366 (0.35)

–

Candidates for blood donation, NRSC, CBTS, hospital units/mobile camps all over Nepal, 2006 to 2007

115,720 blood samples

–

430 (0.37)

–

–

628 (0.54)

–

Candidates for blood donation, NRSC, CBTS, hospital units/mobile camps all over Nepal, 2001 to 2007

524,328 blood samples

–

4162 (0.82)

–

–

2489 (0.47)

–

31

Sex trafficked women and girls assisted by Maiti Nepal, Kathmandu

246 women and girls

74 (30.08)

–

Syphilis: 48%

Silverman J et al. [7]

32

Candidates for blood donation at the Central Blood Transfusion Service, Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS), Kathmandu, December 2006 to September 2007

33,255 individual samples

65 (0.19)

–

–

Karki S et al. [12]

People living with HIV/AIDS diagnosed during blood donation at the Central Blood Transfusion Service, NRCS, Kathmandu, December 2006 to September 2007

65 individual samples tested positive for anti-HIV

PLWH

7 (10.76)

–

33

Pregnant women admitted in the ward of NMCTH, Kathmandu, 2001 to 2007

5602

–

–

–

Shreshta P et al. [84]

34

People who inject drugs on Oral Substitution Therapy (OST), Kathmandu Valley, June 2009

118 people

–

–

–

–

95 (80.50)

–

HEPA Foundation [85]

People who inject drugs, Kathmandu Valley, June 2009

82 people

–

–

–

–

47 (57.32)

–

35

Male candidates for blood donation, NRCS, Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu, March 2008 to September 2008

18,434 blood samples of male candidates

25 (0.13)

92 (0.50)

–

–

128 (0.69)

Coinfection HIV/HCV: 8/128

Shrestha AC et al. [20]

Female candidates for blood donation, NRCS, Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu, March 2008 to September 2008

3282 blood samples of female candidates

2 (0.06)

10 (0.30)

–

–

11 (0.33)

–

Candidates for blood donation age ≤ 20 years, NRCS, Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu, March 2008 to September 2008

3310 blood samples

2 (0.06)

7 (0.21)

–

–

7 (0.21)

–

Candidates for blood donation age 31–30 years, NRCS, Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu, March 2008 to September 2008

9818 blood samples

12 (0.12)

45 (0.45)

–

–

75 (0.76)

–

Candidates for blood donation age 31–40 years, NRCS, Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu, March 2008 to September 2008

5763 blood samples

10 (0.17)

29 (0.50)

–

–

42 (0.72)

–

Candidates for blood donation age 41–50 years, NRCS, Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu, March 2008 to September 2008

2433 blood sample

3 (0.12)

19 (0.78)

–

–

13 (0.53)

–

Candidates for blood donation age 51–60 years, NRCS, Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu, March 2008 to September 2008

392 blood samples

0 (0.00)

3 (0.51)

–

–

2 (0.51)

–

Candidates for blood donation, NRCS, Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS), Kathmandu, March 2008 to September 2008

21,716 blood samples

27 (0.12)

102 (0.46)

–

–

139 (0.64)

–

36

Candidates for blood donation in Banke blood transfusion service, July 2006 to June 2007

5211

–

6 (0.11)

–

Tiwari BR et al. [13]

Candidates for blood donation in Kaski blood transfusion service, July 2006 to June 2007

5995

–

10 (0.17)

–

Candidates for blood donation in Morang blood transfusion service, July 2006 to June 2007

5351

–

14 (0.26)

–

Candidates for blood donation in Banke, Kaski and Morang blood transfusion services, July 2006 to June 2007

16,557

–

32 (0.19)

–

37

People who inject drugs, age 18–40 years, 2011

40 people

–

–

–

–

7 (17.50)

–

ANPUD. [86]

38

Children age 10–12 years born from April 2000 to April 2002, before hepatitis B vaccine introduction, Kathmandu, April 2012

1200 children

–

3 (0.25)

–

–

–

–

Upreti SR et al. [35]

Children age 5–6 years born from April 2006 to April 2007, after hepatitis B vaccine introduction, Kathmandu, April 2012

2187 children

–

3 (0.14)

–

–

–

–

39

Patients with ascites attending Nepal Medical College Hospital (NMCTH), Kathmandu, September 2011 to February 2012

43 patients

–

–

–

–

2 (4.65)

–

Adhikari P et al. [87]

40

People with one or more risk behaviors attending National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Kathmandu, November 2011 to May 2012

678 people

105 (15.49)

–

–

–

–

–

Ojha CR et al. [88]

People living with HIV/AIDS diagnosed among study population, November 2011 to May 2012

105 people

PLWH

–

–

14 (13.33)

–

–

41

People living with HIV/AIDS attending B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan; Society for Positive Atmosphere and Related Support to HIV and IDS (SPARSHA), Kathmandu; Sukhra Raj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, April 2010 to March 2011

108 patients

PLWH

3 (2.78)

HBV/HCV: 0 (0.00)

Barnawal SP et al. [15]

People who inject drugs living with HIV/AIDS attending BPKIHS, Dharan; SPARSHA, Kathmandu; Sukhra Raj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Teku, Kathmandu, April 2010 to March 2011

205 patients

PLWH

137 (66.83)

HBV/HCV: 10 (4.88)

42

Women living with HIV/AIDS, 18 years or older, February to March 2010

136 women

PLWH

–

–

–

9 (6.61)

–

Poudel KC et al. [39]

Men living with HIV/AIDS, 18 years or older, February to March 2010

183 men

PLWH

–

–

–

129 (70,49)

–

People who do not inject drugs living with HIV/AIDS, 18 years or older, February to March 2010

189 people

PLWH

–

–

–

13 (6.88)

–

People who inject drugs living with HIV/AIDS, 18 years or older, February to March 2010

130 people

PLWH

–

–

–

125 (95.15)

–

People living with HIV/AIDS, 18 years or older, February to March 2010

319 people

PLWH

–

–

–

138 (43.26)

–

43

Central Blood Transfusion Centre, 2012–2013

67,644 blood samples

45 (0.07)

150 (0.22)

–

–

317 (0.47)

Syphilis: 394 (0.58)

NRCS [21]

Regional Blood Transfusion Centre, 2012–2013

47,733 blood samples

40 (0.08)

188 (0.39)

–

–

126 (0.26)

Syphilis: 284 (0.59)

District/Emergency Blood Transfusion Centre, 2012–2013

61,624 blood samples

35 (0.06)

195 (0.32)

–

–

121 (0.20)

Syphilis: 118 (0.19)

Hospital Blood Transfusion Unit, 2012–2013

12,320 blood samples

3 (0.02)

32 (0.26)

–

–

21 (0.17)

Syphilis: 8 (0.06)

Total, 2012–2013

189,321 blood samples

123 (0.06)

565 (0.30)

–

–

585 (0.31)

Syphilis: 804 (0.42)

44

Children age 0–15 years with acute hepatitis attending the liver clinic of Bir Hospital and Norvic International Hospital of Kathmandu, Kathmandu, January 2006 to December 2010

312 children

–

–

–

Sudhamshu KC et al. [14]

45

Women who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services submitted to HIV testing, Nepalgunj

3 women

0 (0.00)

–

–

–

0 (0.00)

–

Kinkel HT et al. [8]

Men who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services submitted to HIV testing, Nepalgunj

76 men

6 (7.89)

–

–

–

18 (23.68)

–

People who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services submitted to HIV testing, Nepalgunj

79 people

6 (7.59)

–

–

–

18 (22.78)

–

Women who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services, Dharan; Biratnagar

69 women

9 (13.04)

3 (4.35)

–

–

17 (24.64)

–

Men who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services, Dharan; Biratnagar

72 men

12/70 (17.14)

5 (6.94)

–

–

50 (69.44)

–

People who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services, Dharan; Biratnagar

141 people

21/139 (15.11)

8 (5.67)

–

–

67 (47.52)

–

Women who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services submitted to HIV testing, Kathmandu; Lalitpur; Chitwan

28 women

0 (0.00)

1 (3.57)

–

–

2 (7.14)

–

Men who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services submitted to HIV testing, Kathmandu; Lalitpur; Chitwan

153 men

22/108 (20.37)

2 (1.31)

–

–

113 (73.86)

–

People who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services submitted to HIV testing, Kathmandu; Lalitpur; Chitwan

181 people

22/136 (16.18)

3 (1.66)

–

–

115 (63.53)

–

Women who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services, Nepalgunj; Dharan; Biratnagar; Kathmandu; Lalitpur; Chitwan,

100 women

9 (9.00)

4 (4.00)

–

–

19 (19.00)

–

Men who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services submitted to HIV testing, Nepalgunj; Dharan; Biratnagar; Kathmandu; Lalitpur; Chitwan,

301 men

40/254 (15.75)

10 (3.32)

–

–

181 (60.13)

–

People who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services submitted to HIV testing, Nepalgunj; Dharan; Biratnagar; Kathmandu; Lalitpur; Chitwan,

354 people

49 (13.84)

–

–

–

–

–

People who inject drugs attending Recovering Nepal services, Nepalgunj; Dharan; Biratnagar; Kathmandu; Lalitpur; Chitwan,

401 people

92/397 (23.17)

14 (3.49)

146 (43.89)

–

200 (49.87)

–

46

Patients attending Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, 2008 to 2013

25,708 individual blood samples

218 (0.85)

–

–

–

–

–

Supram HS et al. [89]

People living with HIV/AIDS at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, 2008 to 2013

218 individual blood samples

PLWH

7 (3.21)

–

–

9 (4.13)

–

47

Boys and men 15+ years who inject drugs, Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa districts, July 2015

360 boys and men

30 (8.33)

3 (0.83)

–

–

171 (47.50)

Syphilis: 4 (1.11); Syphilis History: 8 (2.22)

MoH/NCASC [90]

48

Boys and men 16+ years who inject drugs, Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts, Kathmandu Valley, June 2015 to July 2015

340 boys and men

22 (6.47)

0 (0.00)

–

–

75 (22.06)

Syphilis: 0 (0.00); Syphilis History: 0 (0.00)

MoH/NCASC [91]

49

Boys and men 16+ years who inject drugs, Pokhara Valley, June 2015 to July 2015

345 boys and men

10 (2.90)

6 (1.74)

–

–

45 (13.04)

-STI: 4 (1.16)

MoH/NCASC [92]

50

People living with HIV/AIDS in Eastern Development Region,

140 people

PLWH

5 (3.57)

–

–

67 (47.86)

–

UNDP/DFID/CMDN [2, 93]

People living with HIV/AIDS in Central Development Region,

137 people

PLWH

7 (5.11)

–

–

30 (21.90)

–

People living with HIV/AIDS in West Development Region,

203 people

PLWH

13 (6.40)

–

–

20 (9.85)

–

People living with HIV/AIDS in Midwest Development Region,

51 people

PLWH

0 (0.00)

–

–

12 (23.53)

–

People living with HIV/AIDS in Far West Development Region,

146 people

PLWH

5 (3.42)

–

–

3 (2.05)

–

People living with HIV/AIDS in all Development Regions,

677 people

PLWH

30 (4.43)

–

–

132 (19.50)

–

People who inject drugs living with HIV/AIDS in all Development Regions,

562 people

PLWH

8 (1.42)

–

–

91 (16.19)

–

Sex workers living with HIV/AIDS in all Development Regions,

–

PLWH

(0.1)

–

–

0 (0.00)

–

Migrant workers living with HIV/AIDS in all Development Regions,

–

PLWH

(1.0)

–

–

(1.8)

–

Gay, Lesbian and Transgender people living with HIV/AIDS in all Development Regions,

–

PLWH

(0.4)

–

–

(0.4)

–

Non most at risk population living with HIV/AIDS in all Development Regions,

–

PLWH

(1.3)

–

–

(1.0)

–

51

People who inject drugs with last 30-day frequent injection drug use attending rehabilitation centers, Kathmandu; Bhaktapur; Lalitupur; Sindupalchowk

167 people

–

–

–

–

20/87 (22.99)

–

Loewinger G et al. [94]

52

Girls and women 16+ years who inject drugs, Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts, Kathmandu Valley, April 2016 to July 2016

160 girls and women

14 (8.75)

3 (1.87)

–

–

34 (21.25)

12 (7.50)

MoH/NCASC [95]

53

Boys and men 15+ years who inject drugs, Rupandehi, Kapilvastu, Dang, Banke, Kailali and Kanchanpur districts

300 boys and men

7 (2.33)

5 (1.67)

–

–

24 (8.00)

Syphilis: 1 (0.33); Syphilis History: 5 (1.67)

MoH/NCASC [96]

54

Patients who came in contact with HIV or other chronic liver disease and jaundice attending Teku Hospital, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, NRCS

2700 patients

–

–

–

–

100 (3.70)

–

Nepal A et al. [97]

55

Central Blood Transfusion Centre, 2014–2015

69,303 blood samples

21 (0.03)

192 (0.28)

–

–

224 (0.32)

Syphilis: 360 (0.52)

NRCS [22]

Regional Blood Transfusion Centre, 2014–2015

42,511 blood samples

13 (0.03)

151 (0.35)

–

–

56 (0.23)

Syphilis: 115 (0.27)

District/Emergency Blood Transfusion Centre, 2014–2015

77,016 blood samples

27 (0.03)

227 (0.29)

–

–

119 (0.15)

Syphilis: 260 (0.34)

Hospital Blood Transfusion unit, 2014–2015

28,324 blood samples

7 (0.02)

47 (0.16)

–

–

23 (0.08)

Syphilis: 25 (0.09)

Total, 2014–2015

217,154 blood samples

68 (0.03)

617 (0.28)

–

–

422 (0.19)

Syphilis: 760 (0.35)